diff --git a/backend/Dockerfile b/backend/Dockerfile
index f1dc70a..6fbf50d 100644
--- a/backend/Dockerfile
+++ b/backend/Dockerfile
@@ -1,12 +1,43 @@
-FROM python:3.12-slim
+# --- build stage: собираем wheels для runtime-образа ---
+FROM python:3.12-slim AS builder
+WORKDIR /build
 
-WORKDIR /app
+# Системные пакеты нужны только на этапе сборки (для сборки psycopg2-binary и т.п.).
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        build-essential gcc libpq-dev \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
 COPY requirements.txt .
-RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt
+RUN pip wheel --no-cache-dir --wheel-dir /wheels -r requirements.txt
+
+
+# --- runtime stage ---
+FROM python:3.12-slim AS runtime
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Только libpq для psycopg2-binary (не dev-headers).
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        libpq5 curl \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
+    && groupadd --system --gid 1000 panel \
+    && useradd --system --uid 1000 --gid panel --home-dir /app panel
+
+# Ставим заранее собранные wheels.
+COPY --from=builder /wheels /wheels
+COPY requirements.txt .
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --no-index --find-links=/wheels -r requirements.txt \
+    && rm -rf /wheels
 
 COPY app ./app
 
+# Раздаём права и переключаемся на непривилегированного пользователя.
+RUN chown -R panel:panel /app
+USER panel
+
 EXPOSE 8000
 
+# curl нужен для healthcheck.
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=15s --timeout=5s --retries=3 --start-period=20s \
+    CMD curl -fsS http://localhost:8000/health || exit 1
+
 CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "8000"]